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7.3: Ecuaciones Lineales

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    119225
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    Ver tutorial en YouTube

    La ecuación diferencial lineal de primer orden (lineal en\(y\) y su derivada) se puede escribir en la forma

    \[\frac{d y}{d x}+p(x) y=g(x) \nonumber \]

    con la condición inicial\(y\left(x_{0}\right)=y_{0}\). Las ecuaciones lineales de primer orden se pueden integrar usando un factor de integración\(\mu(x)\). Multiplicamos la ecuación\ ref {7.8} por\(\mu(x)\),

    \[\mu(x)\left[\frac{d y}{d x}+p(x) y\right]=\mu(x) g(x) \nonumber \]

    Screen Shot 2022-05-29 a las 8.31.18 PM.png
    Figura 7.3: Solución de la siguiente oda: (3 + 2y) y 0 = 2 cos 2x, y (0) = −1.

    y tratar de determinar\(\mu(x)\) para que

    \[\mu(x)\left[\frac{d y}{d x}+p(x) y\right]=\frac{d}{d x}[\mu(x) y] \nonumber \]

    Ecuación Ecuación\ ref {7.9} luego se convierte

    \[\frac{d}{d x}[\mu(x) y]=\mu(x) g(x) \nonumber \]

    Ecuación Ecuación\ ref {7.11} se integra fácilmente usando\(\mu\left(x_{0}\right)=\mu_{0}\) y\(y\left(x_{0}\right)=y_{0}\):

    \[\mu(x) y-\mu_{0} y_{0}=\int_{x_{0}}^{x} \mu(x) g(x) d x \nonumber \]

    \[y=\frac{1}{\mu(x)}\left(\mu_{0} y_{0}+\int_{x_{0}}^{x} \mu(x) g(x) d x\right) . \nonumber \]

    Queda por determinar a\(\mu(x)\) partir de la Ecuación\ ref {7.10}. Diferenciar y expandir los rendimientos de Ecuación\ ref {7.10}

    \[\mu \frac{d y}{d x}+p \mu y=\frac{d \mu}{d x} y+\mu \frac{d y}{d x} ; \nonumber \]

    y al simplificar,

    \[\frac{d \mu}{d x}=p \mu . \nonumber \]

    Ecuación La ecuación\ ref {7.13} es separable y se puede integrar:

    \[\begin{gathered} \int_{\mu_{0}}^{\mu} \frac{d \mu}{\mu}=\int_{x_{0}}^{x} p(x) d x, \\ \ln \frac{\mu}{\mu_{0}}=\int_{x_{0}}^{x} p(x) d x \\ \mu(x)=\mu_{0} \exp \left(\int_{x_{0}}^{x} p(x) d x\right) . \end{gathered} \nonumber \]

    Observe que ya que\(\mu_{0}\) cancela fuera de\(Equation \ref{7.12}\), se acostumbra asignar\(\mu_{0}=1\). La solución a la Ecuación\ ref {7.8} que satisface la condición inicial\(y\left(x_{0}\right)=y_{0}\) se escribe comúnmente como

    \[y=\frac{1}{\mu(x)}\left(y_{0}+\int_{x_{0}}^{x} \mu(x) g(x) d x\right) \nonumber \]

    con

    \[\mu(x)=\exp \left(\int_{x_{0}}^{x} p(x) d x\right) \nonumber \]

    el factor integrador. Este importante resultado encuentra un uso frecuente en las matemáticas aplicadas.

    Ejemplo: Resolver\(\frac{d y}{d x}+2 y=e^{-x}\), con\(y(0)=3 / 4\).

    Obsérvese que esta ecuación no es separable. Con\(p(x)=2\) y\(g(x)=e^{-x}\), tenemos

    \[\begin{aligned} \mu(x) &=\exp \left(\int_{0}^{x} 2 d x\right) \\ &=e^{2 x} \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

    y

    \[\begin{aligned} y &=e^{-2 x}\left(\frac{3}{4}+\int_{0}^{x} e^{2 x} e^{-x} d x\right) \\ &=e^{-2 x}\left(\frac{3}{4}+\int_{0}^{x} e^{x} d x\right) \\ &=e^{-2 x}\left(\frac{3}{4}+\left(e^{x}-1\right)\right) \\ &=e^{-2 x}\left(e^{x}-\frac{1}{4}\right) \\ &=e^{-x}\left(1-\frac{1}{4} e^{-x}\right) \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

    Ejemplo: Resolver\(\frac{d y}{d x}-2 x y=x\), con\(y(0)=0\).

    Esta ecuación es separable, y la resolvemos de dos maneras. Primero, usando un factor integrador con\(p(x)=-2 x\) y\(g(x)=x\):

    \[\begin{aligned} \mu(x) &=\exp \left(-2 \int_{0}^{x} x d x\right) \\ &=e^{-x^{2}} \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

    y

    \[y=e^{x^{2}} \int_{0}^{x} x e^{-x^{2}} d x \nonumber \]

    La integral se puede hacer por sustitución con\(u=x^{2}, d u=2 x d x\):

    \[\begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{x} x e^{-x^{2}} d x &=\frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{x^{2}} e^{-u} d u \\ &\left.=-\frac{1}{2} e^{-u}\right]_{0}^{x^{2}} \\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-e^{-x^{2}}\right) \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

    Por lo tanto,

    \[\begin{aligned} y &=\frac{1}{2} e^{x^{2}}\left(1-e^{-x^{2}}\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left(e^{x^{2}}-1\right) \end{aligned} \nonumber \]

    Segundo, integramos separando variables:

    \[\begin{gathered} \frac{d y}{d x}-2 x y=x, \\ \frac{d y}{d x}=x(1+2 y), \\ \int_{0}^{y} \frac{d y}{1+2 y}=\int_{0}^{x} x d x \\ \frac{1}{2} \ln (1+2 y)=\frac{1}{2} x^{2}, \\ 1+2 y=e^{x^{2}} \\ y=\frac{1}{2}\left(e^{x^{2}}-1\right) \end{gathered} \nonumber \]

    Los resultados de los dos métodos de solución diferentes son los mismos, y la elección del método es una preferencia personal.


    This page titled 7.3: Ecuaciones Lineales is shared under a CC BY 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jeffrey R. Chasnov via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.