2.2.1: Un método de linealización
- Page ID
- 118140
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Podemos transformar la ecuación no homogénea (2.2.1) en una ecuación lineal homogénea para una función desconocida de tres variables mediante el siguiente truco.
Estamos buscando una función\(\psi(x,y,u)\) tal que la solución\(u=u(x,y)\) de la Ecuación (2.2.1) se defina implícitamente por\(\psi(x,y,u)=const.\) Supongamos que existe tal función\(\psi\) y dejar\(u\) ser una solución de (2.2.1), entonces
$$
\ psi_x+\ psi_uu_x=0,\\\ psi_y+\ psi_uu_y=0.
$$
Supongamos\(\psi_u\not=0\), entonces
$$
u_x=-\ frac {\ psi_x} {\ psi_u},\\ u_y=-\ frac {\ psi_y} {\ psi_u}.
$$
De (2.2.1) obtenemos
\ begin {ecuación}
\ label {homthree}\ tag {2.2.1.1}
a_1 (x, y, z)\ psi_x+a_2 (x, y, z)\ psi_y+a_3 (x, y, z)\ psi_z=0,
\ end {ecuación}
donde\(z:=u\).
Consideramos el sistema asociado de ecuaciones características
\ begin {eqnarray*}
x' (t) &=&a_1 (x, y, z)\\
y' (t) &=&a_2 (x, y, z)\\
z' (t) &=&a_3 (x, y, z).
\ end {eqnarray*}
Se llega a este sistema por los mismos argumentos que en el caso bidimensional anterior.
Proposición 2.2. (i) Supongamos\(w\in C^1\)\(w=w(x,y,z)\),, es una integral, es decir, es constante a lo largo de cada solución fija de (\ ref {homthree}), entonces\(\psi=w(x,y,z)\) es una solución de (\ ref {homthree}).
(ii) La función\(z=u(x,y)\), implícitamente definida a través de\(\psi(x,u,z)=const.\), es una solución de (2.2.1), siempre que\(\psi_z\not=0\).
(iii) Dejar\(z=u(x,y)\) ser una solución de (2.2.1) y dejar\((x(t),y(t))\) ser una solución
de
$$
x' (t) =a_1 (x, y, u (x, y)),\\ y' (t) =a_2 (x, y, u (x, y)),
$$\(z(t):=u(x(t),y(t))\) satisface
entonces la tercera de las ecuaciones características anteriores .
Prueba. Ejercicio.