14.1: Constantes numéricas
- Page ID
- 125816
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Constantes Fundamentales
| c | velocidad de la luz | 2.998 × 10 8 m/s |
| \(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{o}}\) | permitividad de espacio libre | 8.854 × 10 -12 F/m |
| \(\mu_{\mathrm o}\) | permeabilidad del espacio libre | 4\(\pi\) × 10 -7 H/m |
| \(\eta_{\mathrm o}\) | impedancia característica del espacio libre | 376.7\(\Omega\) |
| e | carga de un electrón, (-e.v. /Joule) | -1.6008 × 10 -19 C |
| m | masa de un electrón | 9.1066 × 10 -31 kg |
| m p | masa de un protón | 1.6725 × 10 -27 kg |
| h | Constante de Planck | 6.624 × 10 -34 Js |
| k | Constante de Boltzmann | 1.3805 × 10-23 J/K |
| N o | Constante de Avogadro | 6.022 × 10 23 molécula/mol |
| R | Constante universal de gas | 8. 31 J/molek |
A.2 Conductividad eléctrica σ, S/m
| Plata | 6.14 × 10 7 | Monel | 0.24 × 10 7 |
| Cobre | 5.80 × 10 7 | Mercurio | 0.1 × 10 7 |
| Oro | 4.10 × 10 7 | Agua de Mar | 3 — 5 |
| Aluminio | 3.54 × 10 7 | Agua Destilada | 2 × 10 -4 |
| Tungsteno | 1.81 × 10 7 | Baquelita | 10 -8 — 10 -10 |
| Latón | 1.57 × 10 7 | Vidrio | 10 -12 |
| Níquel | 1.28 × 10 7 | Mica | 10 -11 — 10 -15 |
| Hierro (puro) | 1.0 × 10 7 | Petróleo | 10 -14 |
| Acero | 0.5 — 1.0 × 10 7 | Cuarzo Fundido | <2 × 10 -17 |
| Plomo | 0.48 × 10 7 |
Constante dieléctrica relativa ε/ε o a 1 MHz
| Vacío | 1.00 | Vidrios Vycor | 3.8 |
| Espuma de poliestireno (25% de relleno) | 1.03 | Vidrio de baja pérdida | 4.1 |
| Firwood | 1.8 — 2.0 | Hielo | 4.15 |
| Papel | 2.0 — 3.0 | Cristal Pyrex | 5.1 |
| Petróleo | 2.1 | Moscovita (mica) | 5.4 |
| Parafina | 2.1 | Mica | 5.6 — 6.0 |
| Teflón | 2.1 | Silicato de magnesio | 5.7 — 6.4 |
| Vaselina | 2.16 | Porcelana | 5.7 |
| Caucho | 2.3 — 4.0 | Óxido de aluminio | 8.8 |
| Poliestireno | 2.55 | Diamante | 16.5 |
| Suelo arenoso | 2.6 | Alcohol etílico | 24.5 |
| Plexiglás | 2.6 — 3.5 | Agua destilada | 81.1 |
| Cuarzo fundido | 3.78 | Dióxido de titanio | 100 |
Permeabilidad Relativa μ/μ o
| Vacío | 1 |
| Tejido biológico | 1 |
| Acero frío | 2,000 |
| Hierro (99.91%) | 5,000 |
| Hierro purificado (99.95%) | 180,000 |
| mu metal (FenicRCu) | 100,000 |
| Supermalloy (Fenimomn) | 800,000 |