6.13: Termodinámica
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- 30 oct 2022
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( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
Termodinámica
John Moore, Jia Zhou y Etienne Garand
Valores termodinámicos para compuestos selectos
en 298.15 K.
| Especies | Δf H° (kJ/mol) | S° (J K −1 mol −1) | Δf G° (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminio | |||
| Al (s) | 0 | 28.275 | 0 |
| Al³+ (aq) | − 531 | − 321.7 | − 485 |
| AlCl₃ (s) | − 704.2 | 110.67 | − 628.8 |
| Al₂O₃ (s, corindón) | − 1675.7 | 50.92 | − 1582.3 |
| Argón | |||
| Ar (g) | 0 | 154.843 | 0 |
| Ar (ac) | − 12.1 | 59.4 | 16.4 |
| Bario | |||
| Bacl₂ (s) | − 858.6 | 123.68 | − 810.4 |
| BAo (s) | − 553.5 | 70.42 | − 525.1 |
| BaseSO4 (s) | − 1473.2 | 132.2 | − 1362.2 |
| BACO₃ (s) | − 1216.3 | 112.1 | 85.35 |
| Berilio | |||
| Ser (s) | 0 | 9.5 | 0 |
| Ser (OH) ₂ (s) | − 902.5 | 51.9 | − 815 |
| Bromo | |||
| Br (g) | 111.884 | 175.022 | 82.396 |
| Br₂ (l) | 0 | 152.231 | 0 |
| Br₂ (g) | 30.907 | 245.463 | 3.110 |
| Br₂ (aq) | − 2.59 | 130.5 | 3.93 |
| Br- (aq) | − 121.55 | 82.4 | − 103.96 |
| BrCl (g) | 14.64 | 240.10 | − 0.98 |
| BrF₃ (g) | − 255.6 | 292.53 | − 229.43 |
| HBr (g) | − 36.40 | 198.695 | − 53.45 |
| Calcio | |||
| Ca (s) | 0 | 41.42 | 0 |
| Ca (g) | 178.2 | 158.884 | 144.3 |
| Ca²+ (g) | 1925.9 | — | — |
| Ca²+ (aq) | − 542.83 | − 53.1 | − 553.58 |
| CaC₂ (s) | − 59.8 | 69.96 | − 64.9 |
| CaCO₃ (s, calcita) | − 1206.92 | 92.9 | − 1128.79 |
| CaCl2 (s) | − 795.8 | 104.6 | − 748.1 |
| CaF₂ | − 1219.6 | 68.87 | − 1167.3 |
| CaH₂ (s) | − 186.2 | 42 | − 147.2 |
| CaO (s) | − 635.09 | 39.75 | − 604.03 |
| CA (s) | − 482.4 | 56.5 | − 477.4 |
| Ca (OH) ₂ (s) | − 986.09 | 83.39 | − 898.49 |
| Ca (OH) ₂ (aq) | − 1002.82 | − 74.5 | − 868.07 |
| CaSO4 (s) | − 1434.11 | 106.7 | − 1321.79 |
| Carbono | |||
| C (s, grafito) | 0 | 5.74 | 0 |
| C (s, diamante) | 1.895 | 2.377 | 2.9 |
| C (g) | 716.682 | 158.096 | 671.257 |
| CCl4 (l) | − 135.44 | 216.4 | − 65.21 |
| CCl4 (g) | − 102.9 | 309.85 | − 60.59 |
| CHCl₃ (l) | − 134.47 | 201.7 | − 73.66 |
| CHCl₃ (g) | − 103.14 | 295.71 | − 70.34 |
| CH4 (g, metano) | − 74.81 | 186.264 | − 50.72 |
| C₂H₂ (g, etino) | 226.73 | 200.94 | 209.2 |
| C₂H4 (g, eteno) | 52.26 | 219.56 | 68.15 |
| C₂H6 (g, etano) | − 84.68 | 229.6 | − 32.82 |
| C3H8 (g, propano) | − 103.8 | 269.9 | − 23.49 |
| C4H10 (g, butano) | − 126.148 | 310.227 | − 16.985 |
| C6H6 (l, benceno) | 49.03 | 172.8 | 124.5 |
| C6H14 (l, hexano) | − 198.782 | 296.018 | − 4.035 |
| C8H1-8 (g, octano) | − 208.447 | 466.835 | 16.718 |
| C8H18 (l, octano) | − 249.952 | 361.205 | 6.707 |
| CH3OH (l, metanol) | − 238.66 | 126.8 | − 166.27 |
| CH3OH (g, metanol) | − 200.66 | 239.81 | − 161.96 |
| CH3OH (ac, metanol) | − 245.931 | 133.1 | − 175.31 |
| C2H5OH (l, etanol) | − 277.69 | 160.7 | − 174.78 |
| C₂H5OH (g, etanol) | − 235.1 | 282.7 | − 168.49 |
| C₂H5OH (ac, etanol) | − 288.3 | 148.5 | − 181.64 |
| C6H1₂O6 (s, glucosa) | − 1274.4 | 235.9 | − 917.2 |
| CH3COO- (aq) | − 486.01 | 86.6 | − 369.31 |
| CH3COOH (aq) | − 485.76 | 178.7 | − 396.46 |
| CH3COOH (l) | − 484.5 | 159.8 | − 389.9 |
| CO (g) | − 110.525 | 197.674 | − 137.168 |
| CO₂ (g) | − 393.509 | 213.74 | − 394.359 |
| H₂CO₃ (aq) | − 699.65 | 187.4 | − 623.08 |
| HCO3- (aq) | − 691.99 | 91.2 | − 586.77 |
| CO3²—( aq) | − 677.14 | − 56.9 | − 527.81 |
| HCOO- (aq) | − 425.55 | 92.0 | − 351.0 |
| HCOOH (aq) | − 425.43 | 163 | − 372.3 |
| HCOOH (l) | − 424.72 | 128.95 | − 361.35 |
| CS₂ (g) | 117.36 | 237.84 | 67.12 |
| CS₂ (l) | 89.70 | 151.34 | 65.27 |
| CoCl₂ (g) | − 218.8 | 283.53 | − 204.6 |
| Cesio | |||
| Cs (s) | 0 | 85.23 | 0 |
| Cs+ (g) | 457.964 | — | — |
| CsCl (s) | − 443.04 | 101.17 | − 414.53 |
| Cloro | |||
| Cl (g) | 121.679 | 165.198 | 105.68 |
| CI- (g) | − 233.13 | — | — |
| Cl- (aq) | − 167.159 | 56.5 | − 131.228 |
| Cl₂ (g) | 0 | 223.066 | 0 |
| Cl₂ (aq) | − 23.4 | 121 | 6.94 |
| HCl (g) | − 92.307 | 186.908 | − 95.299 |
| HCl (ac) | − 167.159 | 56.5 | − 131.228 |
| ClO₂ (g) | 102.5 | 256.84 | 120.5 |
| Cl₂O (g) | 80.3 | 266.21 | 97.9 |
| ClO- (aq) | − 107.1 | 42.0 | − 36.8 |
| HClO | − 120.9 | 142 | − 79.9 |
| ClF₃ (g) | − 163.2 | 281.61 | − 123.0 |
| Cromo | |||
| Cr (s) | 0 | 23.77 | 0 |
| Cr₂O₃ (s) | − 1139.7 | 81.2 | − 1058.1 |
| CrCl₃ (s) | − 556.5 | 123 | − 486.1 |
| Cobre | |||
| Cu (s) | 0 | 33.15 | 0 |
| CuO (s) | − 157.3 | 42.63 | − 129.7 |
| CuCl₂ (s) | − 220.1 | 108.07 | − 175.7 |
| CuSO4 (s) | − 771.36 | 109 | − 661.8 |
| Flúor | |||
| F₂ (g) | 0 | 202.78 | 0 |
| F (g) | 78.99 | 158.754 | 61.91 |
| F- (g) | − 255.39 | — | — |
| F- (aq) | − 332.63 | − 13.8 | − 278.79 |
| HF (g) | − 271.1 | 173.779 | − 273.2 |
| HF (aq, no ionizado) | − 320.08 | 88.7 | − 296.82 |
| HF (aq, ionizado) | − 332.63 | − 13.8 | − 278.79 |
| Hidrógeno † | |||
| H₂ (g) | 0 | 130.684 | 0 |
| H2 (aq) | − 4.2 | 57.7 | 17.6 |
| HD (g) | 0.318 | 143.801 | − 1.464 |
| D₂ (g) | 0 | 144.960 | 0 |
| H (g) | 217.965 | 114.713 | 203.247 |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202 | — | — |
| H+ (aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OH- (aq) | − 229.994 | − 10.75 | − 157.244 |
| H2O (l) | − 285.83 | 69.91 | − 237.129 |
| H2O (g) | − 241.818 | 188.825 | − 228.572 |
| H2O₂ (l) | − 187.78 | 109.6 | − 120.35 |
| H2O₂ (aq) | − 191.17 | 143.9 | − 134.03 |
| HO₂- (aq) | − 160.33 | 23.8 | − 67.3 |
| HDO (l) | − 289.888 | 79.29 | − 241.857 |
| D2o (l) | − 294.600 | 75.94 | − 243.439 |
| Yodo | |||
| I₂ (s) | 0 | 116.135 | 0 |
| I₂ (g) | 62.438 | 260.69 | 19.327 |
| I₂ (aq) | 22.6 | 137.2 | 16.40 |
| I (g) | 106.838 | 180.791 | 70.25 |
| I- (g) | − 197 | — | — |
| I- (aq) | − 55.19 | 111.3 | − 51.57 |
| I3- (aq) | − 51.5 | 239.3 | − 51.4 |
| HI (g) | 26.48 | 206.594 | 1.70 |
| HI (aq, ionizado) | − 55.19 | 111.3 | − 51.57 |
| SI (g) | − 95.65 | 236.17 | − 118.51 |
| iCL (g) | 17.78 | 247.551 | − 5.46 |
| iCL (l) | − 23.89 | 135.1 | − 13.58 |
| iBR (g) | 40.84 | 258.773 | 3.69 |
| iCl₃ (s) | − 89.5 | 167.4 | − 22.29 |
| Hierro | |||
| Fe (s) | 0 | 27.78 | 0 |
| FeO (s, wustita) | − 266.27 | 57.49 | − 245.12 |
| Fe₂O₃ (s, hematita) | − 824.2 | 87.4 | − 742.2 |
| Fe3O4 (s, magnetita) | − 1118.4 | 146.4 | − 1015.4 |
| FeCl₂ (s) | − 341.79 | 117.95 | − 302.3 |
| FeCl₃ (s) | − 399.49 | 142.3 | − 344 |
| FeS₂ (s, pirita) | − 178.2 | 52.93 | − 166.9 |
| Fe (CO) 5 (l) | − 774 | 338.1 | − 705.3 |
| Plomo | |||
| Pb (s) | 0 | 64.81 | 0 |
| PbCl₂ (s) | − 359.41 | 136 | − 314.1 |
| PbO (s, amarillo) | − 217.32 | 68.7 | − 187.89 |
| PB (s) | − 100.4 | 91.2 | − 98.7 |
| PbSO4 (s) | − 919.94 | 148.57 | − 813.14 |
| PbCl4 (l) | − 329.3 | — | — |
| PbO₂ (s) | − 277.4 | 68.6 | − 217.33 |
| Litio | |||
| Li (s) | 0 | 29.12 | 0 |
| Li+ (g) | 685.783 | — | — |
| LiOH (s) | − 484.93 | 42.8 | − 438.95 |
| LiOH (aq) | − 508.48 | 2.8 | − 450.58 |
| LiCl (s) | − 408.701 | 59.33 | − 384.37 |
| Magnesio | |||
| Mg (s) | 0 | 32.68 | 0 |
| Mg²+ (aq) | − 466.85 | − 138.1 | − 454.8 |
| MgCl₂ (g) | − 400.4 | — | — |
| MgCl₂ (s) | − 641.32 | 89.62 | − 591.79 |
| MgCl₂ (aq) | − 801.15 | − 25.1 | − 717.1 |
| MgO (s) | − 601.70 | 26.94 | − 569.43 |
| Mg (OH) ₂ (s) | − 924.54 | 63.18 | − 833.51 |
| MG (s) | − 346 | 50.33 | − 341.8 |
| MgSO4 (s) | − 1284.9 | 91.6 | − 1170.6 |
| MgCO₃ (s) | − 1095.8 | 65.7 | − 1012.1 |
| Mercurio | |||
| Hg (l) | 0 | 76.02 | 0 |
| HgCl₂ (s) | − 224.3 | 146 | − 178.6 |
| HgO (s, rojo) | − 90.83 | 70.9 | − 58.539 |
| HgS (s, rojo) | − 58.2 | 82.4 | − 50.6 |
| Níquel | |||
| Ni (s) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| NiO (s) | − 239.7 | 37.99 | − 211.7 |
| NiCl₂ (s) | − 305.332 | 97.65 | − 259.032 |
| Nitrógeno | |||
| N₂ (g) | 0 | 191.61 | 0 |
| N₂ (aq) | − 10.8 | — | — |
| N (g) | 472.704 | 153.298 | 455.53 |
| NH₃ (g) | − 46.11 | 192.45 | − 16.45 |
| NH₃ (ac) | − 80.29 | 111.3 | − 26.50 |
| NH4+ (aq) | − 132.51 | 113.4 | − 79.31 |
| N₂H4 (l) | 50.63 | 121.21 | 149.34 |
| NH4Cl (s) | − 314.43 | 94.6 | − 202.87 |
| NH4Cl (aq) | − 299.66 | 169.9 | − 210.52 |
| NH4NO₃ (s) | − 365.56 | 151.08 | − 183.87 |
| NH4NO₃ (aq) | − 339.87 | 259.8 | − 190.56 |
| NO (g) | 90.25 | 210.761 | 86.55 |
| NO₂ (g) | 33.18 | 240.06 | 51.31 |
| N₂O (g) | 82.05 | 219.85 | 104.20 |
| N₂O4 (g) | 9.16 | 304.29 | 97.89 |
| N₂ O4 (l) | − 19.50 | 209.2 | 97.54 |
| NOCl (g) | 51.71 | 261.69 | 66.08 |
| HNO₃ (l) | − 174.10 | 155.60 | − 80.71 |
| HNO₃ (g) | − 135.06 | 266.38 | − 74.72 |
| HNO₃ (aq) | − 207.36 | 146.4 | − 111.25 |
| NO3- (aq) | − 205.0 | 146.4 | − 108.74 |
| NF₃ (g) | − 124.7 | 260.73 | − 83.2 |
| Oxígeno† | |||
| O₂ (g) | 0 | 205.138 | 0 |
| O₂ (aq) | − 11.7 | 110.9 | 16.4 |
| O (g) | 249.170 | 161.055 | 231.731 |
| O₃ (g) | 142.7 | 238.93 | 163.2 |
| OH- (aq) | − 229.994 | − 10.75 | − 157.244 |
| Fosforo | |||
| P₃ (s, blanco) | 0 | 164.36 | 0 |
| P₃ (s, rojo) | − 70.4 | 91.2 | − 48.4 |
| P (g) | 314.64 | 163.193 | 278.25 |
| PH₃ (g) | 5.4 | 310.23 | 13.4 |
| PCl₃ (g) | − 287.0 | 311.78 | − 267.8 |
| PCl₃ (l) | − 319.7 | 217.1 | − 272.3 |
| PCl5 (s) | − 443.5 | — | — |
| P4O₁ (s) | − 2984.0 | 228.86 | − 2697.7 |
| H3PO4 (s) | − 1279 | 110.5 | − 1119.1 |
| Potasio | |||
| K (s) | 0 | 64.18 | 0 |
| KF (s) | − 567.27 | 66.57 | − 537.75 |
| KCl (s) | − 436.747 | 82.59 | − 409.14 |
| KCl (ac) | − 419.53 | 159.0 | − 414.49 |
| KBr (s) | − 393.798 | 95.90 | − 380.66 |
| KI (s) | − 327.900 | 106.32 | − 324.892 |
| KClO₃ (s) | − 397.73 | 143.1 | − 296.25 |
| KOH (s) | − 424.764 | 78.9 | − 379.08 |
| KOH (aq) | − 482.37 | 91.6 | − 440.5 |
| Silicio | |||
| Si (s) | 0 | 18.83 | 0 |
| SiBr4 (l) | − 457.3 | 277.8 | − 443.8 |
| SiC (s) | − 65.3 | 16.61 | − 62.8 |
| SiCl4 (g) | − 657.01 | 330.73 | − 616.98 |
| SiH4 (g) | 34.3 | 204.62 | 56.9 |
| Tamiz (g) | − 1614.94 | 282.49 | − 1572.65 |
| SiO₂ (s, cuarzo) | − 910.94 | 41.84 | − 856.64 |
| Plata | |||
| Ag (s) | 0 | 42.55 | 0 |
| Ag+ (aq) | 105.579 | 72.68 | 77.107 |
| Ag₂O (s) | − 31.05 | 121.3 | − 11.2 |
| AgCl (s) | − 127.068 | 96.2 | − 109.789 |
| AGi (s) | − 61.84 | 115.5 | − 66.19 |
| AGn₃ (s) | 620.60 | 99.22 | 591.0 |
| AgNO₃ (s) | − 124.39 | 140.92 | − 33.41 |
| AgNO₃ (aq) | − 101.8 | 219.2 | − 34.16 |
| Sodio | |||
| Na (s) | 0 | 51.21 | 0 |
| Na (g) | 107.32 | 153.712 | 76.761 |
| Na+ (g) | 609.358 | — | — |
| Na+ (aq) | − 240.12 | 59.0 | − 261.905 |
| NaF | − 573.647 | 51.46 | − 543.494 |
| NaF (aq) | − 572.75 | 45.2 | − 540.68 |
| NaCl (s) | − 411.153 | 72.13 | − 384.138 |
| NaCl (g) | − 176.65 | 229.81 | − 196.66 |
| NaCl (aq) | − 407.27 | 115.5 | − 393.133 |
| NaBr (s) | − 361.062 | 86.82 | − 348.983 |
| NaBr | − 361.665 | 141.4 | − 365.849 |
| NaI (s) | − 287.78 | 98.53 | − 286.06 |
| NaI (aq) | − 295.31 | 170.3 | − 313.47 |
| NaOH (s) | − 425.609 | 64.455 | − 379.484 |
| NaOH (aq) | − 470.114 | 48.1 | − 419.15 |
| NaClO₃ (s) | − 365.774 | 123.4 | − 262.259 |
| NaHCO₃ (s) | − 950.81 | 101.7 | − 851.0 |
| Na2CO₃ (s) | − 1130.68 | 134.98 | − 1044.44 |
| Na2SO4 (s) | − 1387.08 | 149.58 | − 1270.16 |
| Azufre | |||
| S (s, monoclínico) | 0.33 | — | — |
| S (s, rómbico) | 0 | 31.80 | 0 |
| S (g) | 278.805 | 167.821 | 238.250 |
| S²⸺- (aq) | 33.1 | − 14.6 | 85.8 |
| S₂Cl₂ (g) | − 18.4 | 331.5 | − 31.8 |
| SF6 (g) | − 1209 | 291.82 | − 1105.3 |
| SF4 (g) | − 774.9 | 292.03 | − 731.3 |
| H2S (g) | − 20.63 | 205.79 | − 33.56 |
| H2S (ac) | − 39.7 | 121 | − 27.83 |
| HS- (aq) | − 17.6 | 62.8 | 12.08 |
| SO₂ (g) | − 296.830 | 248.22 | − 300.194 |
| SO₃ (g) | − 395.72 | 256.76 | − 371.06 |
| SoCl₂ (g) | − 212.5 | 309.77 | − 198.3 |
| SO4²ð (aq) | − 909.27 | 20.1 | − 744.53 |
| H2SO4 (l) | − 813.989 | 156.904 | − 690.003 |
| H2SO4 (aq) | − 909.27 | 20.1 | − 744.53 |
| HSO4- (aq) | − 887.34 | 131.8 | − 755.91 |
| Estaño | |||
| Sn (s, blanco) | 0 | 51.55 | 0 |
| Sn (s, gris) | − 2.09 | 44.14 | 0.13 |
| SnCl₂ (s) | − 325.1 | — | — |
| SnCl4 (l) | − 511.3 | 258.6 | − 440.1 |
| SnCl4 (g) | − 471.5 | 365.8 | − 432.2 |
| SnO₂ | − 580.7 | 52.3 | − 519.6 |
| Titanio | |||
| Ti (s) | 0 | 30.63 | 0 |
| TiCl4 (l) | − 804.2 | 252.34 | − 737.2 |
| TiCl4 (g) | − 763.2 | 354.9 | − 726.7 |
| TiO₂ (s) | − 939.7 | 49.92 | − 884.5 |
| Uranio | |||
| U (s) | 0 | 50.21 | 0 |
| UO₂ (s) | − 1084.9 | 77.03 | − 1031.7 |
| UO₃ (s) | − 1223.8 | 96.11 | − 1145.9 |
| UF4 (s) | − 1914.2 | 151.67 | − 1823.3 |
| UF6 (g) | − 2147.4 | 377.9 | − 2063.7 |
| UF6 (s) | − 2197.0 | 227.6 | − 2068.5 |
| Zinc | |||
| Zn (s) | 0 | 41.63 | 0 |
| ZnCl₂ (s) | − 415.05 | 111.46 | − 369.398 |
| ZnO (s) | − 348.28 | 43.64 | − 318.3 |
| ZnS (s, esfalerita) | − 205.98 | 57.7 | − 201.29 |
De Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., y Nuttall, R., Revista de Datos de Referencia Físicos y Químicos, Vol. 11, Supl. 2, 1982.
† Muchos compuestos que contienen hidrógeno y oxígeno se enumeran solo bajo otros elementos.
