10.8: Revisión de la fórmula del capítulo
- Page ID
- 150922
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)10.1 Comparación de dos medias poblacionales independientes
Error estándar:\(S E=\sqrt{\frac{\left(s_{1}\right)^{2}}{n_{1}}+\frac{\left(s_{2}\right)^{2}}{n_{2}}}\)
Estadística de prueba (puntuación t):\(t_{c}=\frac{\left(\overline{x}_{1}-\overline{x}_{2}\right)-\delta_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(s_{1}\right)^{2}}{n_{1}}+\frac{\left(s_{2}\right)^{2}}{n_{2}}}}\)
Grados de libertad:
\(d f=\frac{\left(\frac{\left(s_{1}\right)^{2}}{n_{1}}+\frac{\left(s_{2}\right)^{2}}{n_{2}}\right)^{2}}{\left(\frac{1}{n_{1}-1}\right)\left(\frac{\left(s_{1}\right)^{2}}{n_{1}}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{1}{n_{2}-1}\right)\left(\frac{\left(s_{2}\right)^{2}}{n_{2}}\right)^{2}}\)
donde:
\(s_1\)y\(s_2\) son las desviaciones estándar de la muestra,\(n_1\) y\(n_2\) son los tamaños de muestra.
\(\overline{x}_{1}\)y\(\overline{x}_{2}\) son las medias de la muestra.
10.2 Estándares de Cohen para tamaños de efecto pequeño, mediano y grande
Cohen\(d\) es la medida del tamaño del efecto:
\(d=\frac{\overline{x}_{1}-\overline{x}_{2}}{s_{\text {pooled}}}\)
donde\(s_{\text {pooled}}=\sqrt{\frac{\left(n_{1}-1\right) s_{1}^{2}+\left(n_{2}-1\right) s_{2}^{2}}{n_{1}+n_{2}-2}}\)
10.3 Prueba de diferencias en medias: Suponiendo varianzas de población iguales
\[t_{c}=\frac{\left(\overline{x}_{1}-\overline{x}_{2}\right)-\delta_{0}}{\sqrt{S^{2}\left(\frac{1}{n_{1}}+\frac{1}{n_{2}}\right)}}\nonumber\]
donde\(S_{p}^{2}\) es la varianza agrupada dada por la fórmula:
\[S_{p}^{2}=\frac{\left(n_{1}-1\right) s_{2}^{1}+\left(n_{2}-1\right) s_{2}^{2}}{n_{1}+n_{2}-2}\nonumber\]
10.4 Comparando dos proporciones de población independientes
Proporción agrupada:\(p_{c}=\frac{x_{A}+x_{B}}{n_{A}+n_{B}}\)
Estadística de prueba (puntuación z):\(Z_{c}=\frac{\left(p^{\prime}_{A}-p^{\prime}_{B}\right)}{\sqrt{p_{c}\left(1-p_{c}\right)\left(\frac{1}{n_{A}}+\frac{1}{n_{B}}\right)}}\)
donde
\(p_{A}^{\prime}\)y\(p_{B}^{\prime}\) son las proporciones muestrales,\(p_A\) y\(p_B\) son las proporciones poblacionales,
\(P_c\)es la proporción agrupada y\(n_A\) y\(n_B\) son los tamaños de muestra.
10.5 Medias de Dos Poblaciones con Desviaciones Estándar Conocidas
Estadística de prueba (puntuación z):
\(Z_{c}=\frac{\left(\overline{x}_{1}-\overline{x}_{2}\right)-\delta_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(\sigma_{1}\right)^{2}}{n_{1}}+\frac{\left(\sigma_{2}\right)^{2}}{n_{2}}}}\)
donde:
\(\sigma_1\) y\(\sigma_2\) son las desviaciones estándar poblacionales conocidas. \(n_1\)y\(n_2\) son los tamaños de muestra. \(\overline{x}_{1}\)y\(\overline{x}_{2}\) son las medias de la muestra. \(\mu_1\)y\(\mu_2\) son los medios poblacionales.
10.6 Muestras emparejadas o emparejadas
Estadística de prueba (puntuación t):\(t_{c}=\frac{\overline{x}_{d}-\mu_{d}}{\left(\frac{s_{d}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)}\)
donde:
\(\overline{x}_{d}\)es la media de las diferencias muestrales. \(\mu_d\)es la media de las diferencias poblacionales. \(s_d\)es la desviación estándar muestral de las diferencias. \(n\)es el tamaño de la muestra.