12.6: Apéndice 2- Valores termodinámicos seleccionados
- Page ID
- 72000
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Valores termodinámicos seleccionados (a 298.15 K)
| Sustancia | ΔH f° (kJ/mol) | S° (J/K·mol) | ΔG f° (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminio | |||
| Al (s) | 0 | 28.3 | 0 |
| AlCl 3 (s) | -704.2 | 110.67 | -628.8 |
| Al 2 O 3 (s) | -1675.7 | 50.92 | -1582.3 |
| Bario | |||
| BacL 2 (s) | -858.6 | 123.68 | -810.4 |
| BacL 2 • 2 H 2 O (s) | -1460.1 | 203 | -1296.5 |
| BaO (s) | -553.5 | 70.42 | -525.1 |
| Ba (OH) 2 • 8 H 2 O (s) | -3342 | 427 | -2793 |
| BasO 4 (s) | -1473.2 | 132.2 | -1362.2 |
| Berilio | |||
| Ser (s) | 0 | 9.5 | 0 |
| Ser (OH) 2 (s) | -902.5 | 51.9 | -815 |
| Bromo | |||
| Br (g) | 111.884 | 175.022 | 82.396 |
| Br 2 (liq) | 0 | 152.2 | 0 |
| Br 2 (g) | 30.907 | 245.463 | 3.11 |
| BrF 3 (g) | -255.6 | 292.53 | -229.43 |
| HBr (g) | -36.4 | 198.695 | -53.45 |
| Calcio | |||
| Ca (s) | 0 | 41.42 | 0 |
| Ca (g) | 178.2 | 158.884 | 144.3 |
| Ca 2+ (g) | 1925.9 | ||
| CaC 2 (s) | -59.8 | 69.96 | -64.9 |
| CaCo 3 (s; calcita) | -1206.92 | 92.9 | -1128.79 |
| CaCl 2 (s) | -795.8 | 104.6 | -748.1 |
| CaF 2 (s) | -1219.6 | 68.87 | -1167.3 |
| CaH 2 (s) | -186.2 | 42 | -147.2 |
| CaO (s) | -635.09 | 39.75 | -604.03 |
| CA (s) | -482.4 | 56.5 | -477.4 |
| Ca (OH) 2 (s) | -986.09 | 83.39 | -898.49 |
| Ca (OH) 2 (aq) | -1002.82 | -74.5 | -868.07 |
| CaSO 4 (s) | -1434.11 | 106.7 | -1321.79 |
| Carbono | |||
| C (s, grafito) | 0 | 5.74 | 0 |
| C (s, diamante) | 1.895 | 2.377 | 2.9 |
| C (g) | 716.682 | 158.096 | 671.257 |
| CCl 4 (liq) | -135.44 | 216.4 | -65.21 |
| CCl 4 (g) | -102.9 | 309.85 | -60.59 |
| CHCl 3 (liq) | -134.47 | 201.7 | -73.66 |
| CHCl 3 (g) | -103.14 | 295.71 | -70.34 |
| CH 4 (g, metano) | -74.81 | 186.264 | -50.72 |
| C 2 H 2 (g, etino) | 226.73 | 200.94 | 209.2 |
| C2H4 (g, eteno) | 52.26 | 219.56 | 68.15 |
| C 2 H 6 (g, etano) | -84.68 | 229.6 | -32.82 |
| C 3 H 8 (g, propano) | -103.8 | 269.9 | -23.49 |
| C 4 H 10 (g, butano) | -888.0 | ||
| C 6 H 6 (liq, benceno) | 49.03 | 172.8 | 124.5 |
| C 6 H 14 (liq) | -198.782 | 296.018 | -4.035 |
| C 8 H 18 (liq) | -249.952 | 361.205 | 6.707 |
| CH 3 OH (liq, metanol) | -238.66 | 126.8 | -166.27 |
| CH 3 OH (g, metanol) | -200.66 | 239.81 | -161.96 |
| C 2 H 5 OH (liq, etanol) | -277.69 | 160.7 | -174.78 |
| C 2 H 5 OH (g, etanol) | -235.1 | 282.7 | -168.49 |
| CH3COOH (liq) | -276.981 | 160.666 | -173.991 |
| CO (NH 2) 2 (s, urea) | -333.5 | 104.6 | -197.4 |
| CO (g) | -110.525 | 197.674 | -137.168 |
| CO 2 (g) | -393.509 | 213.74 | -394.359 |
| CS 2 (g) | 117.36 | 237.84 | 67.12 |
| COCl 2 (g) | -218.8 | 283.53 | -204.6 |
| Cesio | |||
| Cs (s) | 0 | 85.23 | 0 |
| Cs + (g) | 457.964 | ||
| CsCl (s) | -443.04 | 101.17 | -414.53 |
| Cloro | |||
| Cl (g) | 121.679 | 165.198 | 105.68 |
| Cl - (g) | -233.13 | ||
| Cl 2 (g) | 0 | 223.066 | 0 |
| HCl (g) | -92.307 | 186.908 | -95.299 |
| HCl (ac) | -167.159 | 56.5 | -131.228 |
| Cromo | |||
| Cr (s) | 0 | 23.77 | 0 |
| Cr 2 O 3 (s) | -1139.7 | 81.2 | -1058.1 |
| CrCl 3 (s) | -556.5 | 123 | -486.1 |
| Cobre | |||
| Cu (s) | 0 | 33.15 | 0 |
| CuO (s) | -157.3 | 42.63 | -129.7 |
| CuCl 2 (s) | -220.1 | 108.07 | -175.7 |
| Flúor | |||
| F 2 (g) | 0 | 202.78 | 0 |
| F (g) | 78.99 | 158.754 | 61.91 |
| F - (g) | -255.39 | ||
| F - (aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| HF (g) | -271.1 | 173.779 | -273.2 |
| HF (aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| Hidrógeno | |||
| H 2 (g) | 0 | 130.684 | 0 |
| H (g) | 217.965 | 114.713 | 203.247 |
| H + (g) | 1536.202 | ||
| H 2 O (liq) | -285.83 | 69.91 | -237.129 |
| H 2 O (g) | -241.818 | 188.825 | -228.572 |
| H 2 O 2 (liq) | -187.78 | 109.6 | -120.35 |
| Yodo | |||
| I 2 (s) | 0 | 116.135 | 0 |
| I 2 (g) | 62.438 | 260.69 | 19.327 |
| I (g) | 106.838 | 180.791 | 70.25 |
| I - (g) | -197 | ||
| iCL (g) | 17.78 | 247.551 | -5.46 |
| Hierro | |||
| Fe (s) | 0 | 27.78 | 0 |
| FeO (s) | -272 | ||
| Fe 2 O 3 (s, hematita) | -824.2 | 87.4 | -742.2 |
| Fe 3 O 4 (s, magnetita) | -1118.4 | 146.4 | -1015.4 |
| FeCl 2 (s) | -341.79 | 117.95 | -302.3 |
| FeCl 3 (s) | -399.49 | 142.3 | -344 |
| FeS 2 (s, pirita) | -178.2 | 52.93 | -166.9 |
| Fe (CO) 5 (liq) | -774 | 338.1 | -705.3 |
| Plomo | |||
| Pb (s) | 0 | 64.81 | 0 |
| PbCl 2 (s) | -359.41 | 136 | -314.1 |
| PbO (s, amarillo) | -217.32 | 68.7 | -187.89 |
| PB (s) | -100.4 | 91.2 | -98.7 |
| Litio | |||
| Li (s) | 0 | 29.12 | 0 |
| Li + (g) | 685.783 | ||
| LiOH (s) | -484.93 | 42.8 | -438.95 |
| LiOH (ac) | -508.48 | 2.8 | -450.58 |
| LiCl (s) | -408.701 | 59.33 | -384.37 |
| Magnesio | |||
| Mg (s) | 0 | 32.68 | 0 |
| MgCl 2 (g) | -641.32 | 89.62 | -591.79 |
| MgO (s) | -601.7 | 26.94 | -569.43 |
| Mg (OH) 2 (s) | -924.54 | 63.18 | -833.51 |
| MG (s) | -346 | 50.33 | -341.8 |
| Mercurio | |||
| Hg (liq) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| HgCl 2 (s) | -224.3 | 146 | -178.6 |
| HgO (s, rojo) | -90.83 | 70.29 | -58.539 |
| HgS (s, rojo) | -58.2 | 82.4 | -50.6 |
| Níquel | |||
| Ni (s) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| NiO (s) | -239.7 | 37.99 | -211.7 |
| NiCl 2 (s) | -305.332 | 97.65 | -259.032 |
| Nitrógeno | |||
| N2 (g) | 0 | 191.61 | 0 |
| N (g) | 472.704 | 153.298 | 455.563 |
| NH 3 (g) | -46.11 | 192.45 | -16.45 |
| N 2 H 4 (liq) | 50.63 | 121.21 | 149.34 |
| NH 4 Cl (s) | -314.43 | 94.6 | -202.87 |
| NH 4 Cl (aq) | -299.66 | 169.9 | -210.52 |
| NH 4 NO 3 (s) | -365.56 | 151.08 | -183.87 |
| NH 4 NO 3 (aq) | -339.87 | 259.8 | -190.56 |
| NO (g) | 90.25 | 210.76 | 86.55 |
| NO 2 (g) | 33.18 | 240.06 | 51.31 |
| N 2 O (g) | 82.05 | 219.85 | 104.2 |
| N 2 O 4 (g) | 9.16 | 304.29 | 97.89 |
| NOCl (g) | 51.71 | 261.69 | 66.08 |
| HNO 3 (liq) | -174.1 | 155.6 | -80.71 |
| HNO 3 (g) | -135.06 | 266.38 | -74.72 |
| HNO 3 (ac) | -207.36 | 146.4 | -111.25 |
| Oxígeno | |||
| O 2 (g) | 0 | 205.138 | 0 |
| O (g) | 249.17 | 161.055 | 231.731 |
| O 3 (g) | 142.7 | 238.93 | 163.2 |
| Fosforo | |||
| P 4 (s, blanco) | 0 | 164.36 | 0 |
| P 4 (s, rojo) | -70.4 | 91.2 | -48.4 |
| P (g) | 314.64 | 163.193 | 278.25 |
| PH 3 (g) | 5.4 | 310.23 | 13.4 |
| PCl 3 (g) | -287 | 311.78 | -267.8 |
| P 4 O 10 (s) | -2984 | 228.86 | -2697.7 |
| H 3 PO 4 (s) | -1279 | 110.5 | -1119.1 |
| Potasio | |||
| K (s) | 0 | 64.18 | 0 |
| KCl (s) | -436.747 | 82.59 | -409.14 |
| KClO 3 (s) | -397.73 | 143.1 | -296.25 |
| KI (s) | -327.9 | 106.32 | -324.892 |
| KOH (s) | -424.764 | 78.9 | -379.08 |
| KOH (aq) | -482.37 | 91.6 | -440.5 |
| Silicio | |||
| Si (s) | 0 | 18.83 | 0 |
| SiBr 4 (liq) | -457.3 | 277.8 | -443.8 |
| SiC (s) | -65.3 | 16.61 | -62.8 |
| SiCl 4 (g) | -657.01 | 330.73 | -616.98 |
| SiH 4 (g) | 34.3 | 204.62 | 56.9 |
| SiF 4 (g) | -1614.94 | 282.49 | -1572.65 |
| SiO 2 (s, cuarzo) | -910.94 | 41.84 | -856.64 |
| Plata | |||
| Ag (s) | 0 | 42.55 | 0 |
| Ag 2 O (s) | -31.05 | 121.3 | -11.2 |
| AgCl (s) | -127.068 | 96.2 | -109.789 |
| AgnO 3 (s) | -124.39 | 140.92 | -33.41 |
| Sodio | |||
| Na (s) | 0 | 51.21 | 0 |
| Na (g) | 107.32 | 153.712 | 76.761 |
| Na + (g) | 609.358 | ||
| NaBr (s) | -361.062 | 86.82 | -348.983 |
| NaCl (s) | -411.153 | 72.13 | -384.138 |
| NaCl (g) | -176.65 | 229.81 | -196.66 |
| NaCl (ac) | -407.27 | 115.5 | -393.133 |
| NaOH (s) | -425.609 | 64.455 | -379.484 |
| NaOH (ac) | -470.114 | 48.1 | -419.15 |
| Na 2 CO 3 (s) | -1130.68 | 134.98 | -1044.44 |
| Azufre | |||
| S (s, rómbico) | 0 | 31.8 | 0 |
| S (g) | 278.805 | 167.821 | 238.25 |
| S 2 Cl 2 (g) | -18.4 | 331.5 | -31.8 |
| SF 6 (g) | 1209 | 291.82 | -1105.3 |
| H 2 S (g) | -20.63 | 205.79 | -33.56 |
| SO 2 (g) | -296.83 | 248.22 | -300.194 |
| SO 3 (g) | -395.72 | 256.76 | -371.06 |
| SOCl 2 (g) | -212.5 | 309.77 | -198.3 |
| H2SO4 (liq) | -813.989 | 156.904 | -690.003 |
| H 2 SO 4 (aq) | -909.27 | 20.1 | -744.53 |
| Estaño | |||
| Sn (s, blanco) | 0 | 51.55 | 0 |
| Sn (s, gris) | -2.09 | 44.14 | 0.13 |
| SnCl 4 (liq) | -511.3 | 248.6 | -440.1 |
| SnCl 4 (g) | -471.5 | 365.8 | -432.2 |
| SnO 2 (s) | -580.7 | 52.3 | -519.6 |
| Titanio | |||
| Ti (s) | 0 | 30.63 | 0 |
| TiCL 4 (liq) | -804.2 | 252.34 | -737.2 |
| TiCl 4 (g) | -763.2 | 354.9 | -726.7 |
| TiO 2 (s) | -939.7 | 49.92 | -884.5 |
| Zinc | |||
| Zn (s) | 0 | 41.63 | 0 |
| ZnCl 2 (s) | -415.05 | 111.46 | -369.398 |
| ZnO (s) | -348.28 | 43.64 | -318.3 |
| ZnS (s, esfalerita) | -205.98 | 57.7 | -201.29 |
| Iones acuosos y moléculas | |||
| Ca 2+ (ac) | -542.96 | -55.2 | -553.04 |
| CO 3 2- (aq) | -676.26 | -53.1 | -528.1 |
| CO 2 (aq) | -413.8 | 117.6 | -386.0 |
| Cl - (aq) | -167.16 | 56.5 | -131.26 |
| H + (aq) | 0 | 0 | |
| HCO 2 - (aq) | -410 | 91.6 | -335 |
| HCO 2 H (ac) | -410 | 164 | -356 |
| HCO 3 - (aq) | -691.11 | 95 | -587.06 |
| H 2 CO 3 (aq) | -698.7 | 191 | -623.42 |
| NH 3 (ac) | -80.29 | 111 | -26.6 |
| OH - (aq) | -229.94 | -10.54 | -157.3 |
| Ag + (aq) | 105.58 | 72.68 | 77.124 |