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6.1: Preludio al aprendizaje

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    Objetivos de aprendizaje

    • Estudiar las formas primarias en las que se produce el aprendizaje

    El sol de verano brilla intensamente en un tramo desierto de playa. De pronto, una diminuta cabeza gris emerge de la arena, luego otra y otra. Pronto la playa está llena de crías de tortuga boba (Figura). Aunque con solo unos minutos de antigüedad, las crías saben exactamente qué hacer. Sus aletas no son muy eficientes para moverse a través de la arena caliente, sin embargo, continúan hacia adelante, instintivamente. Algunos son rápidamente arrebatados por gaviotas que circulan por encima y otros se convierten en el almuerzo de cangrejos fantasmas hambrientos que salen de sus agujeros. A pesar de estos peligros, las crías son impulsadas a abandonar la seguridad de su nido y encontrar el océano.

    Una fotografía muestra a una tortuga bebé moviéndose a través de la arena hacia el océano. Una fotografía muestra a un niño pequeño parado sobre una tabla de surf en una pequeña ola.
    Figura\(\PageIndex{1}\): Las crías de tortuga boba nacen sabiendo encontrar el océano y nadar. A diferencia de la tortuga marina, los humanos deben aprender a nadar (y surfear). (crédito “tortuga”: modificación de obra de Becky Skiba, USFWS; crédito “surfista”: modificación de obra de Mike Baird)

    No muy lejos de esta misma playa, Ben y su hijo, Julian, reman hacia el océano en tablas de surf. Se acerca una ola. Julian se agacha en su tabla, luego salta y monta la ola durante unos segundos antes de perder el equilibrio. Sale del agua a tiempo para ver a su padre montar la cara de la ola.

    A diferencia de las tortugas marinas bebés, que saben encontrar el océano y nadar sin la ayuda de sus padres, no nacemos sabiendo nadar (o surfear). Sin embargo, los humanos nos enorgullecemos de nuestra capacidad de aprender. De hecho, a lo largo de miles de años y a través de culturas, hemos creado instituciones dedicadas íntegramente al aprendizaje. Pero, ¿alguna vez te has preguntado cómo es exactamente lo que aprendemos? ¿Qué procesos están trabajando a medida que llegamos a conocer lo que sabemos? Este capítulo se centra en las principales formas en que ocurre el aprendizaje.

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