13.2: Teorema de Límite Central
- Page ID
- 150711
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)El teorema del límite central nos dice que la distribución muestral de la media se vuelve normal a medida que crece el tamaño de la muestra. Probemos esto muestreando una variable claramente no normal y veamos la normalidad de los resultados usando una gráfica Q-Q. Vimos en la Figura @ref {fig:Alcdist50} que la variable alcoholYear
se distribuye de una manera muy no normal. Veamos primero la gráfica Q-Q para estos datos, para ver cómo se ve. Usaremos la función stat_qq ()
de ggplot2
para crear la gráfica para nosotros.
# prepare the dta
NHANES_cleanAlc <- NHANES %>%
drop_na(AlcoholYear)
ggplot(NHANES_cleanAlc, aes(sample=AlcoholYear)) +
stat_qq() +
# add the line for x=y
stat_qq_line()
Podemos ver a partir de esta figura que la distribución es altamente no normal, ya que la gráfica Q-Q diverge sustancialmente de la línea unitaria.
Ahora vamos a muestrear y calcular repetidamente la media, y veamos la gráfica Q-Q resultante. Tomaremos muestras de varios tamaños para ver el efecto del tamaño de la muestra. Usaremos una función del paquete dplyr
llamada do ()
, que puede ejecutar una gran cantidad de análisis a la vez.
set.seed(12345)
sampSizes <- c(16, 32, 64, 128) # size of sample
nsamps <- 1000 # number of samples we will take
# create the data frame that specifies the analyses
input_df <- tibble(sampSize=rep(sampSizes,nsamps),
id=seq(nsamps*length(sampSizes)))
# create a function that samples and returns the mean
# so that we can loop over it using replicate()
get_sample_mean <- function(sampSize){
meanAlcYear <-
NHANES_cleanAlc %>%
sample_n(sampSize) %>%
summarize(meanAlcoholYear = mean(AlcoholYear)) %>%
pull(meanAlcoholYear)
return(tibble(meanAlcYear = meanAlcYear, sampSize=sampSize))
}
# loop through sample sizes
# we group by id so that each id will be run separately by do()
all_results = input_df %>%
group_by(id) %>%
# "." refers to the data frame being passed in by do()
do(get_sample_mean(.$sampSize))
Ahora vamos a crear parcelas Q-Q separadas para los diferentes tamaños de muestra.
# create empty list to store plots
qqplots = list()
for (N in sampSizes){
sample_results <-
all_results %>%
filter(sampSize==N)
qqplots[[toString(N)]] <- ggplot(sample_results,
aes(sample=meanAlcYear)) +
stat_qq() +
# add the line for x=y
stat_qq_line(fullrange = TRUE) +
ggtitle(sprintf('N = %d', N)) +
xlim(-4, 4)
}
plot_grid(plotlist = qqplots)
Esto demuestra que los resultados se distribuyen más normalmente (es decir, siguiendo la línea recta) a medida que las muestras se hacen más grandes.