12.2: Operadores vectoriales
- Page ID
- 83729
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Esta sección contiene un resumen de los operadores vectoriales expresados en cada uno de los tres sistemas principales de coordenadas:
- Cartesiano (\(x\),\(y\),\(z\))
- cilíndrico (\(\rho\),\(\phi\),\(z\))
- esférico (\(r\),\(\theta\),\(\phi\))
Los vectores de base asociados se identifican usando un caret (\(\hat{~}\)) sobre el símbolo. El operando vectorial\({\bf A}\) se expresa en términos de componentes en las direcciones de base de la siguiente manera:
- Cartesiano:\({\bf A} = \hat{\bf x}A_x + \hat{\bf y}A_y + \hat{\bf z}A_z\)
- Cilíndrico\({\bf A} = \hat{\bf \rho}A_{\rho} + \hat{\bf \phi}A_{\phi} + \hat{\bf z}A_z\)
- esférico:\({\bf A} = \hat{\bf r}A_r + \hat{\bf \theta}A_{\theta} + \hat{\bf \phi}A_{\phi}\)
Gradiente
Gradiente en coordenadas cartesianas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla f &=\ hat {\ bf x}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial x} +\ hat {\ bf y}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial y} +\ hat {\ bf z}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial z} &\ end {align}
Gradiente en coordenadas cilíndricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla f &=\ hat {\ bf\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial\ rho} +\ hat {\ bf\ phi}\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial\ phi} +\ hat {\ bf z}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial z} &\ end {alinear}
Gradiente en coordenadas esféricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla f &=\ hat {\ bf r}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial r} +\ hat {\ bf\ theta}\ frac {1} {r}\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial\ theta} +\ sombrero {\ bf\ phi}\ frac {1} {r\ sin\ theta}\ frac {parcial\ f} {\ parcial\ phi} &\ end {align}
Divergencia
Divergencia en las coordenadas cartesianas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ cdot {\ bf A} &=\ frac {\ parcial a_x} {\ parcial x} +\ frac {\ parcial a_Y} {\ parcial y} +\ frac {\ parcial a_Z} {\ parcial z} &\ end {align}
Divergencia en coordenadas cilíndricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ cdot {\ bf A} &=\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial\ rho}\ izquierda (\ rho A_ {\ rho}\ rho}\ derecha) +\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ phi}} {\ parcial\ phi} +\ frac {\ parcial a_Z} {\ z parcial} &\ end {align}
Divergencia en coordenadas esféricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ cdot {\ bf A} &= ~~\ frac {1} {r^2}\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial} {\ parcial}\ izquierda (r^2 a_R\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ frac {1} {r\ sin\ theta}\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial\ theta} izquierda (A_ {\ theta}\ sin\ theta\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ frac {1} {r\ sin\ theta}\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ phi}} {\ parcial\ phi} & \ end {align}
Curl
Curl en coordenadas cartesianas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ times {\ bf A} &= ~~\ hat {\ bf x}\ izquierda (\ frac {\ parcial a_z} {\ parcial y} -\ frac {\ parcial a_y} {\ parcial z}\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ hat {\ bf y}\ izquierda (\ frac {\ parcial a_x} {parcial\ z} -\ frac {\ parcial a_Z} {\ parcial x}\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ hat {\ bf z}\ izquierda (\ frac {\ A_y parcial} {\ x parcial} -\ frac {\ parcial a_x} {\ parcial y}\ derecha) &\ etiqueta {m0139_ecurlCart}\ end {align}
Curl en coordenadas cilíndricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ times {\ bf A} &= ~~\ hat {\ bf\ rho}\ left (\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial a_Z} {\ parcial\ phi} -\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ phi}} {\ parcial z}\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ hat {\ bf\ phi}\ izquierda (\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ rho}} {\ z parcial} -\ frac {\ parcial a_Z} {\ parcial\ rho}\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ & amp; ~~ +\ hat {\ bf z}\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ izquierda [\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial\ rho}\ izquierda (\ rho A_ {\ phi}\ derecha) -\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ rho}} {\ parcial\ phi}\ derecha] &\ end {align}
Curl en coordenadas esféricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla\ times {\ bf A} &= ~~\ hat {\ bf r}\ frac {1} {r\ sin\ theta}\ izquierda [\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial\ theta}\ izquierda (A_ {\ phi}\ sin\ theta\ derecha) -\ frac {\ parcial A_ {\ theta}} {\ phi parcial\}\ derecha] &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ sombrero {\ bf\ theta}\ frac {1} {r}\ izquierda [\ frac {1} {\ sin\ theta}\ frac {\ parcial a_R} {\ parcial\ phi} -\ frac {\ parcial} {\ r parcial}\ izquierda (rA_ {\ phi}\ derecha)\ derecha] &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ hat {\ bf\ phi}\ frac {1} {r}\ izquierda [\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial}\ izquierda (r A_ {\ theta}\ derecha) -\ frac {parcial\ a_R} {\ parcial\ theta}\ derecha]\ etiqueta {m0139_ecurlSPh} &\ end {align}
Laplaciano
Laplaciano en coordenadas cartesianas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla^2 f &=\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial x^2} +\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial y^2} +\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial z^2} &\ end {align}
Laplaciano en coordenadas cilíndricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla^2 f &=\ frac {1} {\ rho}\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial\ rho}\ izquierda (\ rho\ frac {\ parcial\ rho} {\ parcial\ rho}\ derecha) +\ frac {1} {\ rho^2}\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial\ phi^2} +\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial z^2} &\ end {align}
Laplaciano en coordenadas esféricas:
\ begin {align}\ nabla^2 f &= ~~\ frac {1} {r^2}\ frac {\ parcial} {\ parcial} {\ r parcial}\ izquierda (r^2\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ r parcial}\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ frac {1} {r^2\ sin\ theta}\ frac {parcial} {\ parcial\ theta}\ izquierda (\ frac {\ parcial f} {\ parcial\ theta}\ sin\ theta\ derecha) &\ nonumber\\ &~~ +\ frac {1} {r^2\ sin^2\ theta}\ frac {\ parcial^2 f} {\ parcial\ phi^2} &\ end {align}