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3.6: Números catalanes

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    117086
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    Un árbol binario enraizado es un tipo de gráfico que es particularmente interesante en algunas áreas de la informática. Un típico árbol binario enraizado se muestra en la Figura\(\PageIndex{1}\). La raíz es el vértice más alto. Los vértices por debajo de un vértice y conectados a él por un borde son los hijos del vértice. Es un árbol binario porque todos los vértices tienen 0, 1 o 2 hijos. ¿Cuántos árboles binarios enraizados diferentes hay con\(n\) vértices?

    3.5.1.png
    Figura\(\PageIndex{1}\): Un árbol binario enraizado.

    Denotemos este número por\(C_n\); estos son los números catalanes. Para mayor comodidad, permitimos que un árbol binario enraizado esté vacío, y dejar\(C_0=1\). Entonces es fácil ver eso\(C_1=1\) y\(C_2=2\), y no es difícil verlo\(C_3=5\). Observe que cualquier árbol binario enraizado en al menos un vértice puede verse como dos árboles binarios (posiblemente vacíos) unidos en un nuevo árbol introduciendo un nuevo vértice raíz y convirtiendo a los hijos de esta raíz en las dos raíces de los árboles originales; ver Figura\(\PageIndex{2}\). (Para hacer del árbol vacío un hijo del nuevo vértice, simplemente no haga nada, es decir, omita al hijo correspondiente).

    3.5.2.png
    Figura\(\PageIndex{2}\): Producir un nuevo árbol a partir de árboles más pequeños.

    Así, para hacer todos los árboles binarios posibles con\(n\) vértices, comenzamos con un vértice raíz, y luego para sus dos hijos insertamos árboles binarios enraizados en\(k\) y\(l\) vértices, con\(k+l=n-1\), para todas las elecciones posibles de los árboles más pequeños. Ahora podemos escribir

    \[ C_n=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} C_iC_{n-i-1}. \nonumber \]

    For example, since we know that \(C_0=C_1=1\) and \(C_2=2\),

    \[ C_3 = C_0C_2 + C_1C_1+C_2C_0 = 1\cdot2 + 1\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 = 5, \nonumber \]

    as mentioned above. Once we know the trees on 0, 1, and 2 vertices, we can combine them in all possible ways to list the trees on 3 vertices, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). Note that the first two trees have no left child, since the only tree on 0 vertices is empty, and likewise the last two have no right child.

    3.5.3.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): The 3-vertex binary rooted trees.

    Now we use a generating function to find a formula for \(C_n\). Let \(f=\sum_{i=0}^\infty C_ix^i\). Now consider \(f^2\): the coefficient of the term \(x^n\) in the expansion of \(f^2\) is \(\sum_{i=0}^{n} C_iC_{n-i}\), corresponding to all possible ways to multiply terms of \(f\) to get an \(x^n\) term: \[ C_0\cdot C_nx^n + C_1x\cdot C_{n-1}x^{n-1} + C_2x^2\cdot C_{n-2}x^{n-2} +\cdots+C_nx^n\cdot C_0. \nonumber\] Now we recognize this as precisely the sum that gives \(C_{n+1}\), so \(f^2 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty C_{n+1}x^n\). If we multiply this by \(x\) and add 1 (which is \(C_0\)) we get exactly \(f\) again, that is, \(xf^2+1=f\) or \(xf^2-f+1=0\); here 0 is the zero function, that is, \(xf^2-f+1\) is 0 for all x. Using the quadratic formula,

    \[ f={1\pm\sqrt{1-4x}\over 2x}, \nonumber \]

    as long as \(x\not=0\). It is not hard to see that as \(x\) approaches 0,

    \[ {1+\sqrt{1-4x}\over 2x} \nonumber\]

    goes to infinity while

    \[ {1-\sqrt{1-4x}\over 2x}\nonumber \]

    goes to 1. Since we know \(f(0)=C_0=1\), this is the \(f\) we want.

    Now by Newton's Binomial Theorem, we can expand

    \[ \sqrt{1-4x} = (1+(-4x))^{1/2} =\sum_{n=0}^\infty {1/2\choose n}(-4x)^n.\nonumber \]

    Then

    \[ {1-\sqrt{1-4x}\over 2x} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty -{1\over 2}{1/2\choose n}(-4)^nx^{n-1} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty -{1\over 2}{1/2\choose n+1}(-4)^{n+1}x^n. \nonumber \]

    Expanding the binomial coefficient \(1/2\choose n+1\) and reorganizing the expression, we discover that

    \[ C_n = -{1\over 2}{1/2\choose n+1}(-4)^{n+1} = {1\over n+1}{2n\choose n}.\nonumber \]

    In Exercise 1.E.3.7 in Section 1.E, we saw that the number of properly matched sequences of parentheses of length \(2n\) is \({2n\choose n}-{2n\choose n+1}\), and called this \(C_n\). It is not difficult to see that

    \[ {2n\choose n}-{2n\choose n+1}={1\over n+1}{2n\choose n},\nonumber \]

    so the formulas are in agreement.

    Temporarily let \(A_n\) be the number of properly matched sequences of parentheses of length \(2n\), so from the exercise we know \(A_n={2n\choose n}-{2n\choose n+1}\). It is possible to see directly that \(A_0=A_1=1\) and that the numbers \(A_n\) satisfy the same recurrence relation as do the \(C_n\), which implies that \(A_n=C_n\), without manipulating the generating function.

    There are many counting problems whose answers turns out to be the Catalan numbers. Enumerative Combinatorics: Volume 2, by Richard Stanley, contains a large number of examples.

    Contributors and Attributions

     


    This page titled 3.6: Números catalanes is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Guichard.