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5.4: Ecuación de Laplace

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    113670
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    insulated.png

    Figura\(\PageIndex{1}\): Una lámina conductora aislada desde arriba y abajo.

    En una lámina cuadrada conductora del calor, aislada desde arriba y abajo

    \[\frac{1}{k}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t} u = \dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} u + \dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} u. \nonumber \]

    Si estamos buscando una solución de estado estacionario, es decir, nos tomamos\(u(x,y,t)=u(x,y)\) el tiempo derivado no contribuye, y obtenemos la ecuación de Laplace

    \[\dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} u + \dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} u=0, \nonumber \]

    un ejemplo de una ecuación elíptica. Veamos una vez más una placa cuadrada de tamaño\(a\times b\), e impongamos las condiciones de límite

    \[\begin{align} u(x,0) & = 0, \nonumber\\ u(a,y) & = 0, \nonumber\\ u(x,b) & = x, \nonumber\\ u(0,y) & = 0.\end{align} \nonumber \]

    (Esta elección se realiza para poder evaluar las series de Fourier fácilmente. ¡No es muy realista!) Una vez más separamos variables,

    \[u(x,y) = X(x) Y(y), \nonumber \]

    y definir

    \[\frac{X''}{X} = -\frac{Y''}{Y} = -\lambda. \nonumber \]

    o explícitamente

    \[X'' = -\lambda X,\;\;Y''=\lambda Y. \nonumber \]

    Con condiciones de límite\(X(0)=X(a)=0\),\(Y(0)=0\). Quedan por implementar las condiciones del 3er límite.

    Una vez más distinguir tres casos:

    \(\lambda>0\)

    \(X(x) = \sin \alpha_n(x)\),\(\alpha_n=\frac{n\pi}{a}\),\(\lambda_n=\alpha_n^2\). ENCONTRAMOS

    \[\begin{align} Y(y) &= C_n\sinh \alpha_n y + D_n \cosh \alpha _n y \nonumber\\[4pt] &= C'_n\exp (\alpha_n y) + D'_n \exp(- \alpha _n y).\end{align} \nonumber \]

    Ya\(Y(0)=0\) que encontramos\(D_n=0\) (\(\sinh(0)=0,\cosh(0)=1\)).

    \(\lambda \leq 0\)

    Sin soluciones

    Así que tenemos

    \[u(x,y) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n \sin\alpha_n x \sinh \alpha_n y \nonumber \]

    La condición de límite restante da

    \[u(x,b) = x = \sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n \sin\alpha_n x \sinh \alpha_n b. \nonumber \]

    Esto lleva a la serie de Fourier de\(x\),

    \[\begin{align} b_n \sinh \alpha_n b &= \frac{2}{a} \int_0^a x \sin \frac{n\pi x}{a}dx \nonumber\\ &= \frac{2 a }{n\pi}(-1)^{n+1}.\end{align} \nonumber \]

    Entonces, en definitiva, tenemos

    \[V(x,y) = \frac{2a}{\pi} \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1} \frac{\sin \frac{n\pi x}{a}\sinh \frac{n\pi y}{a}}{n \sinh \frac{n\pi b}{a}}. \nonumber \]

    Ejercicio\(\PageIndex{1}\)

    La dependencia de\(x\) entra a través de una función trigonométrica, y la de\(y\) a través de una función hiperbólica. Sin embargo, la ecuación diferencial es simétrica bajo intercambio de\(x\) y\(y\). ¿Qué pasa?

    Contestar

    La simetría se rompe por las condiciones de contorno.


    This page titled 5.4: Ecuación de Laplace is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Niels Walet via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.