11.2: Propiedades de los polinomios de Legendre
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Dejar\(F(x,t)\) ser una función de las dos variables\(x\) y\(t\) que se puede expresar como una serie de Taylor en\(t\),\(\sum_{n} c_n(x) t^{n}\). A la función\(F\) se le llama entonces una función generadora de las funciones\(c_{n}\).
Mostrar que\(F(x,t) = \frac{1}{1-xt}\) es una función generadora de los polinomios\(x^{n}\).
- Responder
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Mira\[\frac{1}{1-xt} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^{n}t^{n}\;\;(|xt|<1). \nonumber \]
Mostrar que\(F(x,t) = \exp\left(\frac{tx-t}{2t}\right)\) es la función generadora para las funciones de Bessel,
\[F(x,t) = \exp\left(\frac{tx-t}{2t}\right) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} J_{n}(x)t^{n}.\nonumber \]
- Responder
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TBA
(El caso de mayor interés aquí)\[F(x,t) =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-2xt+t^{2}}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} P_{n}(x) t^{n}.\nonumber \]
- Responder
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TBA
Fórmula generadora de Rodríguez
\[P_{n}(x) = \frac{1}{2^{n} n!} \frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}} (x^2-1)^n. \label{Rodrigues} \]
- \(P_{n}(x)\)es par o impar si\(n\) es par o impar.
- \(P_{n}(1)=1\).
- \(P_{n}(-1)=(-1)^{n}\).
- \((2n+1) P_{n}(x) = P'_{n+1}(x)-P'_{n-1}(x)\).
- \((2n+1)x P_n(x) = (n+1) P_{n+1}(x) + n P_{n-1}(x)\).
- \(\int_{-1}^{x} P_n(x') dx'= \frac{1}{2n+1} \left[P_{n+1}(x)-P_{n-1}(x)\right]\).
Probemos algunas de estas relaciones, primero la fórmula de Rodríguez (Ecuación\ ref {Rodrigues}). Partimos de la fórmula simple
\[(x^{2}-1) \frac{d}{dx} (x^{2}-1)^{n} - 2 n x (x^{2}-1)^{n}=0, \nonumber \]
que se demuestra fácilmente por diferenciación explícita. Esto es entonces\(n+1\) tiempos diferenciados,
\[\begin{aligned} { \frac{d^{n+1}}{dx^{n+1}}\left[ (x^{2}-1) \frac{d}{dx} (x^{2}-1)^{n} - 2 n x (x^{2}-1)^{n}\right]} &= n(n+1) \frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}(x^2-1)^n + 2(n+1) x \frac{d^{n+1}}{dx^{n+1}} (x^2-1)^n+(x^2-1) \frac{d^{n+2}}{dx^{n+2}} (x^2-1)^n \nonumber\\ &-2n(n+1) \frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}(x^2-1)^n - 2n x \frac{d^{n+1}}{dx^{n+1}} (x^2-1)^n \nonumber\\ &=-n(n+1) \frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}(x^2-1)^n + 2 x \frac{d^{n+1}}{dx^{n+1}} (x^2-1)^n+(x^2-1) \frac{d^{n+2}}{dx^{n+2}} (x^2-1)^n \nonumber\\ &= -\left[\frac{d}{dx}(1-x^2)\frac{d}{dx}\left\{\frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}(x^2-1)^n \right\} +n(n+1)\left\{\frac{d^{n}}{dx^{n}}(x^2-1)^n\right\}\right] =0.\end{aligned} \nonumber \]
Así hemos demostrado que\(\frac{d^n}{dx^n}(x^2-1)^n\) satisface la ecuación de Legendre. La normalización se desprende de la evaluación del coeficiente más alto,
\[\frac{d^n}{dx^n} x^{2n} = \frac{2n!}{n!} x^n, \nonumber \]
y así necesitamos multiplicar la derivada con\(\frac{1}{2^n n!}\) para obtener la normalizada correctamente\(P_n\).
Usemos la función generadora para probar algunas de las otras propiedades: 2.:\[F(1,t) = \frac{1}{1-t} = \sum_n t^n \nonumber \] tiene todos los coeficientes uno, entonces\(P_n(1)=1\). De igual manera para 3.:\[F(-1,t) = \frac{1}{1+t} = \sum_n (-1)^nt^n . \nonumber \] Propiedad 5. se puede encontrar diferenciando la función generadora con respecto a\(t\):
\[\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-2tx +t^2}} &= \frac{d}{dt} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} t^n P_n(x)\nonumber\\ \frac{x-t}{(1-2tx+t^{2})^1.5} &= \sum_{n=0} n t^{n-1} P_{n}(x)\nonumber\\ \frac{x-t}{1-2xt +t^{2}} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} t^n P_n(x)&= \sum_{n=0} n t^{n-1} P_{n}(x)\nonumber\\ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} t^n x P_n(x)- \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} t^{n+1} P_n(x) &= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} nt^{n-1} P_n(x) - 2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} nt^n xP_n(x) +\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} nt^{n+1} P_n(x)\nonumber\\ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} t^n(2n+1)x P_n(x) &= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (n+1)t^n P_{n+1}(x) + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n t^{n} P_{n-1}(x)\end{aligned} \nonumber \]
Equiparar términos con poderes idénticos de\(t\) encontramos\[(2n+1)x P_n(x) = (n+1) P_{n+1}(x) + n P_{n-1}(x). \nonumber \]
Las pruebas para las otras propiedades se pueden encontrar usando métodos similares.